List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena
In 1452 the Italian family of Este, Lords of Ferrara, were created Dukes of Modena and Reggio, becoming Dukes of Ferrara also in 1471. In 1597, they lost the succession of Ferrara itself to the Papal States. They continued to rule the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the Emilia until 1796, when it became part of Napoleon Bonaparte's Cispadane Republic. In 1814 it was restored under the Habsburg grandson of the last Este Duke, continuing until it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859.
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(from 1815 also Duke of Mirandola and from 1829 Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara)